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Risk warning technologies and emergency response mechanisms in Sichuan–Tibet Railway construction

Liujiang KANG, Hao LI, Cong LI, Na XIAO, Huijun SUN, Nsabimana BUHIGIRO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 582-594 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0151-7

摘要： Safety is one of the most critical themes in any large-scale railway construction project. Recognizing the importance of safety in railway engineering, practitioners and researchers have proposed various standards and procedures to ensure safety in construction activities. In this study, we first review four critical research areas of risk warning technologies and emergency response mechanisms in railway construction, namely, (i) risk identification methods of large-scale railway construction projects, (ii) risk management of large-scale railway construction, (iii) emergency response planning and management, and (iv) emergency response and rescue mechanisms. After reviewing the existing studies, we present four corresponding research areas and recommendations on the Sichuan–Tibet Railway construction. This study aims to inject new significant theoretical elements into the decision-making process and construction of this railway project in China.

关键词： railway construction risk warning technologies emergency response mechanisms Sichuan–Tibet Railway

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Development and application of a random walk model of atmospheric diffusion in the emergency response

CHI Bing, LI Hong, FANG Dong

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第2期页码 195-201 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0025-7

摘要： Plume concentration prediction is one of the main contents of radioactive consequence assessment for early emergency response to nuclear accidents. Random characteristics of atmospheric diffusion itself was described, a random walk model of atmospheric diffusion (Random Walk) was introduced and compared with the Lagrangian puff model (RIMPUFF) in the nuclear emergency decision support system (RODOS) developed by the European Community for verification. The results show the concentrations calculated by the two models are quite close except that the plume area calculated by Random Walk is a little smaller than that by RIMPUFF. The random walk model for atmospheric diffusion can simulate the atmospheric diffusion in case of nuclear accidents, and provide more actual information for early emergency and consequence assessment as one of the atmospheric diffusion module of the nuclear emergency decision support system.

关键词： RODOS concentration prediction information nuclear RIMPUFF

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Two-echelon Emergency Response Problem and Simulation Considering Secondary Disasters

Han-peng Zhang,Yi Liao,Hui-xia Luo

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第3期页码 318-321 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014042

摘要： It is necessary for subsequent resource distribution planning that get expected relief time considering secondary disasters after natural disaster. The goal of this research is to develop a two-echelon emergency resource distribution model under condition of secondary disasters. Taking minimal maximize relief time as criterion of relief performance, we developed response strategies and simulation model to get the expected value. Numerical studies of this paper presented the result of response strategies.

关键词： simulation secondary disasters two-echelon vehicle routing model

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当前网络安全形势与应急响应

刘欣然,李柏松,常安琪、鲁辉、田志宏

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第6期页码 83-88 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.06.017

摘要：

随着互联网应用的迅速发展，各种网络安全威胁不断出现。本文介绍了网络安全所呈现的特点以及目前所面临的形势。攻击方法的更新、攻击技术的提升以及攻击范围的扩大给应急工作带来了考验。应急工作的管理现状存在一定的问题，在核心技术、安全保障方面都比较落后。借鉴传统领域的应急体系，改善当前应急技术措施成为网络安全工作的重要部分。针对新时期的网络安全应急工作环境，提出了调动体系力量，多方联动的消除方法，从体制和机制等方面来进行保证，以防止网络威胁产生的巨大影响。

关键词：网络安全威胁信息安全应急响应应急体系

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网络空间安全应急与应对

于全,杨丽凤,高贵军

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第6期页码 79-82 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.06.016

摘要：

从我国网络空间安全的现状及面临的问题出发，指出网络空间安全应从应急转变为应对，并从网络空间安全监测、网络空间安全总体保障能力及网络空间安全人才队伍建设三个方面提出了相应的转变策略。

关键词：网络空间安全网络安全应急网络安全应对转变策略

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面向2035 年的灾害事故智慧应急科技发展战略研究

刘奕,张宇栋,张辉,范维澄

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第4期页码 117-125 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.04.014

摘要：

智慧应急科技发展是公共安全保障的重要组成部分，也是实现国家治理现代化、建设更高水平的平安中国的应有之义。本文研究旨在深化 2035 年远景目标，进而为我国灾害事故智慧应急发展的系统规划和前瞻部署提供支撑。本文以灾害事故智慧应急科技发展需求为导向，全面分析了国际态势和主要发展趋势；重点从自然灾害防御、事故灾难防范、应急平台建设等方面着手，对我国相关领域发展的基本状况和面临的问题进行剖析。在此基础上，紧密结合新一代信息技术的发展，提出了我国灾害事故智慧应急科技发展的总体思路框架与战略方向，涵盖重要科技发展方向、重点基础研究方向、重大科技研发任务等；针对我国自然灾害和事故灾难的智慧应急体系与能力现代化建设的科技发展路径，从政策和理论体系研究方面提出了相应发展建议。

关键词：自然灾害，事故灾难，智慧应急科技，信息技术赋能

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Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system

Aifeng Zhai, Xiaowen Ding, Lin Liu, Quan Zhu, Guohe Huang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1223-3

摘要： A new algorithm of two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model was built. The migration and diffusion of TP was simulated. The emergency measures for sudden water pollution accidents was proposed. In recent years, sudden water pollution accidents in China’s rivers have become more frequent, resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents. Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction. This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system. The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations. The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents. The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season, followed by the water storage period, drawdown season, and dry season, in that order. The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants. This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated, and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

关键词： Sudden water pollution accident Total phosphorus Predictive model Contaminant simulation Water scheduling Measure

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城市重大事故应急辅助决策支持系统研究

廖光煊,翁韬,朱霁平,刘铁民,刘功智

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第7期页码 7-13

摘要：

针对严重影响我国经济发展和社会稳定的城市重大事故，研究了典型城市重大事故动态模拟的模型和方法，并开发了反应及时、决策科学和资源高效利用的事故应急决策支持系统，主要包括以下功能：城市不同功能区典型重大事故的动态模拟；城市不同功能区典型重大事故应急决策；城市不同功能区、不同事故类型的应急预案库；城市重大事故应急决策与指挥调度决策。该系统充分运用了先进的信息管理手段和工程技术，可及时发现事故隐患、控制事故扩展和蔓延并及时采取救援措施，使财产损失和人员伤亡减少到最低程度。

关键词：城市重大事故动态模拟应急决策支持系统

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突发公共卫生事件智慧应急发展探讨

姚建义,金雅玲,汤晓勇,吴家兵,侯赛,刘晓青,张天琛,宋铁,肖建鹏,刘剑君

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第5期页码 34-40 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.005

摘要：

构建信息化、数字化、智能化的智慧应急新模式，旨在解决目前我国突发公共卫生事件应对过程中快速响应机制、多部门统一协调协作、信息交互流程等方面存在的薄弱环节以及应急管理效率低下等问题，全面提升公共安全领域应对与处置能力。本文采用描述性研究法，较为全面地分析了国外公共卫生应急体系建设与智慧应急发展现状，准确梳理了我国卫生应急管理的需求、现状和存在问题；提出了我国公共卫生智慧应急体系的中长期发展目标、重大任务、实现技术途径。研究建议，规划实施卫生应急国家生物综合监测预警建设重大工程，制定和修订新型智慧化卫生应急相关的法律法规，保持应急管理机制的数据融通和可持续发展，促进智慧化卫生应急产业发展，推动行业人才队伍“医防融合”，高水平建设我国预防型公共卫生应急体系网络。

关键词：智慧应急监测预警应急作业医防融合

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中国公共卫生应急指挥体系探析

薛澜,彭宗超,钟开斌,吕孝礼,黄严忠,胡颖廉,孔锋

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第5期页码 1-8 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.001

摘要：

2003 年抗击严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）之后，我国逐步形成了以“一案三制”为核心的国家应急管理体系。党的十八大以来，随着党和国家更加重视应急管理工作，特别是2018 年应急管理部成立、2020 年新冠肺炎应对取得重大战略成果，我国应急管理事业进入了新的发展阶段。为全面了解我国公共卫生应急指挥体系的演变历程、现状特征和面临的挑战，以期更好完善我国公共卫生应急指挥体系，本文采用文献调研、理论分析和案例对比等多种方法，梳理比较了SARS、甲型H1N1 流感和新型冠状病毒肺炎防控应急指挥体系，总结提出了中国公共卫生应急指挥体系建设的改进对策。结果发现，我国公共卫生应急指挥体系在多次重大突发公共卫生事件的应急实践中发挥了重要作用并不断发展进步，同时我国公共卫生应急指挥体系在领导体制、运行机制等方面也面临着诸多挑战。基于此，本文从完善联防联控机制、加强应急法制建设、强化专家咨询作用、明确央地权责等方面，有针对性地提出了政策建议。

关键词：公共卫生，应急指挥体系，应急体系演变，新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情，联防联控机制

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“7·23”旅客列车事故的重要启示

孙永福

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第12期页码 4-9

摘要：

阐述了“7·23”旅客列车事故发生经过并进行了原因分析，从工程管理视角研究提出了4点重要启示：强化铁路新产品研发管理，完善铁路新产品准入管理，提高铁路运输应急处置能力和科学有序地推动铁路建设。

关键词：旅客列车事故研发管理准入管理应急处置铁路建设管理

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关于推进国家应急平台建设的建议

龙彧

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第9期页码 87-90

摘要：

推进应急平台信息系统建设是加强应急管理的技术基础，是当前的一项核心任务。几年来，我国在推进国家应急平台的建设方面取得了较快的进展，但是也存在着一些问题。文章在进行综合分析的基础上，提出了如何完善国家应急平台建设的一系列建议。

关键词：应急平台应急管理突发事件系统建设

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The Routine and Emergency Coordinated Management of Public Security

Ning Liu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 331-338 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015063

摘要： The paper presents a study based on the observation of public security programme situations. Nowadays, public security management is faced with challenges such as the increase in non-traditional safety threats, high occurrence probability, obvious complex chain reactions, high security demand, vulnerable bearing systems and world-wide influences. For the new adapted requirements of public security management, this paper puts forward the concept of the coordinated routine and emergency management, which combines the routine management at normal status and the emergency management at the abnormal status based on the whole process of public security management. This paper analyzes the coordinated management system and establishes the decision-making objectives, decision-making model and constraints. In addition, this paper proposes the basic strategy of achieving the coordinated management of public security.

关键词： public security routine management emergency management coordinated management

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Research on Emergency Management System for Military Engineering Projects

Mao-guang Lin,Qian-kun Wang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第2期页码 154-158 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015028

摘要： Emergency management systems for military engineering projects have been established to enhance the capacities of wartime logistics and emergency logistical support. This study focuses on the combat characteristics of the warfare information system and based on analysis of emergency response for military combat systems, utilizes the concept of systematic combat and comprehensive integrated approach to investigate management of military engineering projects. Also, a basic mode for emergency management of military engineering projects based on the concept of “pre-war intelligent engineering on demand, wartime early engagement warning and monitoring, post-war emergency repair and rescue” and “strategic, comprehensive, integrated response” is proposed.

关键词： military engineering projects emergency management system

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Clinical decision-making by the emergency department resident physicians for critically ill patients

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 89-93 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0183-9

摘要：

The application of main methodologies for clinical decision-making by residents in emergency medical practice was assessed, and issues in this area were investigated. The treatments provided to 2 611 critical patients by the Peking Union Medical College Hospital of were analyzed by independent investigators who evaluated the main clinical decision-making processes applied by the hospital residents. The application of decision-making strategies by PG1 and PG3 groups, which means the residents in first year and the third year, were compared. The patients were treated according to pattern recognition (43.0%), hypothetico-deductive reasoning (23.4%), event-driven models (19.3%), and rule-using algorithms (5.9%). A significant difference was found between PG1 and PG3 groups (χ²=498.01, P<0.001). Pattern recognition and hypothetic-deductive methods were the most common techniques applied by emergency physicians in evaluating critically ill patients. The decision-making processes applied by junior and senior residents were significantly different, although neither group adequately applied rule-using algorithms. Inclusion of clinical decision-making in medical curricula is needed to improve decision-making in critical care.

关键词： clinical decision-making emergency medicine critically ill patient resident methodology